单词搜索
https://www.lintcode.com/problem/123/?utm_source=sc-libao-ql
描述
给出一个二维的字母板和一个字符串单词,寻找字母板网格中是否存在这个字符串单词。
字符串单词可以由按顺序的相邻单元的字母组成,其中相邻单元指的是水平或者垂直方向相邻。
每个单元中的字母最多只能使用一次。
字母矩阵的维度均不超过100,字符串长度不超过100。
样例
样例 1:
输入:
board = ["ABCE","SFCS","ADEE"]word = "ABCCED"输出:
true解释:
[
A B C E
S F C S
A D E E
]
(0,0)->(0,1)->(0,2)->(1,2)->(2,2)->(2,1)
样例 2:
输入:
board = ["z"]word = "z"输出:
true解释:
[ z ]
(0,0)
分析:
用回溯backtracking, 区别dfs和backtrack和dp with memo:
回溯有剪枝,放弃无效路径立刻回溯,是特殊的dfs。普通dfs会遍历所有的可能性。而回溯通常只有一个Unique path
dp带memo是有大量重复子问题,需要保存,占内存。
本体有剪枝,重复子问题少,减枝,无需保存子状态。
注意需要记录已经visited过的点,这里直接每次递归前替换来处的点,而不是创建整个m*n数组来记载visited.
from typing import (
    List,
)
from functools import lru_cache
class Solution:
    """
    @param board: A list of lists of character
    @param word: A string
    @return: A boolean
    """
    def exist(self, board: List[List[str]], word: str) -> bool:
        # write your code here
        #dp[m][n] = dp[m-1][n] or dp[m][n-1]
        if not word:
            return True
        if not board:
            return False
        directions= {(0,1),(0,-1),(1,0),(-1,0)}
        n,m = len(board),len(board[0])
     
        def helper(x:int, y:int, i:int) -> bool:           
            if i == len(word):
                return True
            if not (0<=x< n and 0<=y<m) or word[i] != board[x][y]:
                return False
            temp = board[x][y]
            board[x][y] = '#'
            for dx,dy in directions:
                nx,ny = x+dx, y+dy
                if helper(nx,ny,i+1):
                    return True 
            board[x][y] = temp
            return False
        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(m):
                if board[i][j] == word[0] and helper(i,j,0):
                    return True
        return False
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